EAMCET Chemistry Study Material (Lesson-wise) Bit Bank PDF

(d) Ionization enthalpy,(e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity; Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation states, (b) Anomalous properties of second period elements –diagonal relationship; Periodic trends and chemical reactivity.

approach to chemical bonding, Octet rule, Lewis representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; Ionic or electrovalent bond – Factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds- Crystal structure of sodium chloride, Lattice Enthalpy: General properties of ionic compounds; Bond Parameters – bond length ,bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance-Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory; Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; Valence bond theory- Orbital overlap concept-Directional properties of bonds-overlapping of atomic orbitals- types of overlapping and nature of covalent bonds-strength of sigma and pi bonds-Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; Hybridisation- different types of hybridization involving s,p and d orbitals- shapes of simple covalent molecules; Coordinate bond – definition with examples; Molecular orbital theory – Formation of molecular orbitals, Linear combination of atomic orbitals(LCAO)-conditions for combination of atomic orbitals-, Types of Molecular orbitals, Energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals -, Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour, Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules- H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2 and O2; Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond – Types of hydrogen bonds-inter and intra molecular-General properties of hydrogen bonds.

– Law of mass action and Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium constant in gaseous systems. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids, bases and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; Ionisation of Acids and Bases – Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product- Ph scale-ionisation constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak bases-relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic Bases-Factors affecting acid strength- Common 0ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases- Buffer solutions (only definition) – Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts. Solubility product constant Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts.

Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements; Electronic configuration; Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties, Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics of compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxy acids (Carbonates; Sulphates and Nitrates); Anomalous behavior of Beryllium; its diagonal relationship with Aluminium; Some important compounds of calcium: Preparation and uses of Calcium Hydroxide, Plaster of Paris; Cement;

– Electronic configuration, Atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; Allotropes of carbon; Uses of carbon;

Hydrocarbons: Classification of Hydrocarbons; Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); Preparation of alkanes; Properties – Physical properties and chemical Reactivity, Substitution reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism is deleted), Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, and reaction with steam; Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical); Methods of preparation;Properties-Physical and chemical reactions: Addition of dihydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, Hydrogenhalides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s, anti-Markovnikov’s or Kharascheffect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization; Alkynes – Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic character of alkyne, addition reactions-of hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen halides and water. Polymerization; Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of benzene, Resonance and aromaticity; Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Electrophilic substitution reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation; Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction: dependence of rate on concentration- rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions-first order reactions- half-life of a reaction; Pseudo first order reactions;Temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction -effect of catalyst; Collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons-autocatalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis-adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis- important features of solid catalysts: (a)activity (b)selectivity- shape-selective catalysis by zeolites- enzyme catalysis-characteristics and mechanism- catalysts in industry

Colloids: Classification of colloids: Classification based on the physical state of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium-classification based on the nature of the interaction between the dispersed phase and dispersion medium- classification based on the type of particles of the dispersed phase- multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids-cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloids-purification of colloidal solutions- properties of colloidal solutions: Colligative properties, Tyndal effect, color, Brownian movement-charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation-precipitation methods-coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids- Emulsions; Colloids around us-application of colloids.

Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine- preparation and properties; Phosphorous halides; Oxoacids of phosphorous; Phosphorous halides & Oxo acids of phosphorous

Group-16 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic andionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electro negativity, physical and chemical properties; Dioxygen-preparation, properties and uses; Simple oxides; Ozone-preparation, properties,

structure and uses; Sulphur-allotropic forms; Sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of sulphur; Sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses.

Group-17 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy,electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; Chlorine- preparation, properties and uses; Hydrogen chloride- preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of halogens; Interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties and uses.

Group-18 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds- XeF2,XeF4 and XeF6 -preparation, hydrolysis and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 (b) Xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3and XeOF4 -their formation and structures- uses of noble gases.

block elements: Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of the d-block elements; General properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series, ionization enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions, formation   of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals-uses of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; Inner transition elements(f-block)-lanthanoids-electronic configuration-atomic and ionic sizes-oxidation states- general characteristics; The Actinoids- electronic configurations, ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics and comparson with lanthanoids; Some applications of d and f block elements.

Coordination compounds: Werner’s theory of coordination compounds; Definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; Nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature;

Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a)Stereo isomerism- Geometrical and optical isomerism (b)Structural isomerism- linkage, coordination, ionization and solvate isomerism

Bonding in coordination compounds. (a)Valence bond theory – magnetic properties of coordination compounds-limitations of valence bond theory (b) Crystal field theory (i) Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities (ii) Colour in coordination compounds- limitations of crystal field theory; Bonding in metal carbonyls; Stability of coordination compounds; Importance and applications of coordination compounds.

Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure; Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose- Polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates; Amino acids: Natural amino acids-classification of amino acids-structures and D and L forms- Zwitterions; Proteins-Structures, classification, fibrous and globular- primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins- Denaturation of proteins;

Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action; Vitamins: Explanation-names- classification of vitamins – sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins; Nucleic acids: chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA fingerprinting biological functions of nucleic acids;

Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities.

Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT

(iii) Reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer – Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation;
Commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol)
Ethers-Methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-Physical properties-Chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole).
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; Preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols (3) from hydrocarbons -Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles and esters (3) from hydrocarbons-Preparation of ketones (1)from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes; Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due to α-Hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); Uses of aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes (2) from alkyl benzenes (3) from nitriles and amides (4) from Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides (6) from esters; Physical properties; Chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond- acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond- formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii) Reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; Uses of carboxylic acids.